So far, the only known target of these systems is an episomal element that we previously named Legionella Mobile Element-1 (LME-1). pneumophila isolates maintain active CRISPR-Cas defenses. pneumophila isolates are remarkably devoid of prophages and to date no Legionella phages have been identified. One outstanding question has been whether this protection extends to phages. pneumophila growth within protists provides a refuge from desiccation, disinfection, and other remediation strategies. Legionella pneumophila is a ubiquitous freshwater pathogen and the causative agent of Legionnaires’ disease. Our results indicate good health for most infected tortoises but they should be screened in the field as well as in captivity. Indeed, sick tortoises remain concealed and may not be easily detected in the field. The paucity of information of TeHV on European tortoise URTD in natural settings, especially in combination with mycoplasma, prompts further studies. Exotic spurthighed tortoises showed a high frequency of mycoplasma infection in captivity (18.2%) and in individuals (50%) found in native Hermanns tortoise sub-populations, suggesting that this species could be a signi cant vector. Additionally, Mycoplasma agassizii was detected, by PCR, in 15 of the 18 populations sampled with a frequency ranging from 3.4% (1 of 29 tortoises) to 25% (3 of 12 tortoises). Using a large sample (N=572 tortoises), this study revealed, by PCR, the worrying presence of herpesvirus in 7 free-ranging individuals (3 sub-populations). Of TeHV and mycoplasma in native western Hermanns tortoises and in potential pet vectors in south-eastern France. Many exotic individuals have been introduced in populations of the endangered western Hermanns tortoise (Testudo hermanni hermanni), notably spur-thighed tortoises (Testudo graeca). A better understanding of the transmission of infectious agents from captivity to wild tortoises is needed. Pet trade generates an international flow of tortoises, often without sanitary checking individuals intentionally or accidentally released in the wild may spread pathogens. In captivity, these infections are frequent and can provoke outbreaks. Two types of pathogens cause highly contagious upper respiratory tract diseases (URTD) in Chelonians: testudinid herpesviruses (TeHV) and a mycoplasma (Mycoplasma agassizii).
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